ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the health infrastructures of many countries and has enabled them to examine their managerial skills in the face of the pandemic. To control the pandemic, countries have resorted to some public restrictions and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, as well as the detection and treatment of cases. In this study, the effect of public restrictions applied during the pandemic process in the fight against Covid-19 was examined using the Two-Stage Bootstrap Data Envelopment method. In the first stage, the performance of the health infrastructures of the countries in the fight against Covid-19, and in the second stage, the effect of public measures on the performance scores was evaluated. As a result, it has been seen that the most successful countries in the fight against the pandemic are Austria, Denmark, and Lithuania. On the other hand, America, France, and Belgium were found to be the most unsuccessful countries. It has been determined that public measures generally have a positive effect on the performance of countries fighting Covid-19
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic and COVID-19 challenged both human and public health over the world. Different types of COVID-19 vaccines were developed against the disease virus with various techniques. In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the antibody responses induced by mRNA vaccines and inactivated vaccines or SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: Between January and August 2021, 651 patients tested for immunoglobulin G antibody levels against the spike protien of SARS-CoV-2. Antibody levels(AU/mL) were detected by Chemiluminescence-Microparticle-Immunoassay, detection was carried on Abbott-Architect ci8200-Autoanalyzer. RESULTS: Among 651 patients 298 of them were vaccinated without previous COVID-19 history (77 mRNA, 221 inactivated), 123 were infected with SARSCoV-2 and not vaccinated, 58 were vaccinated after the infection (19 mRNA, 39 inactivated) while 172 of all did not have previous infection or vaccination history. of 172 patients 29 of them tested positive for anti-Spike antibody levels with a median value of 223.9. Inactivated vaccine induced antibody responses were significantly lower than mRNA vaccine induced levels (p=0.000, median:304.5, 7530.8 respectively). In previously infected population who were not vaccinated;higher antibody levels were observed than inactivated vaccine administred patients (p=0.000, median:737.1, 304.5 respectively), when compared to the patients who received mRNA vaccine antibody levels were found to be lower (p=0.000, median:737.1, 7530.8). Among the patients who were vaccinated after the infection;latterly mRNA vaccine administred patients were found to have higher antibody levels than patients who received inactivated vaccine after the infection (p=0.000, median:12070.4, 1183.9 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of antibody response were observed in patients who received mRNA vaccine when compared to those who received inactived vaccine or were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The highest levels were observed among patients who were infected then also received mRNA vaccine. This study whose preliminary data were examined should be supported by larger sample groups and longer follow-up with further studies.
ABSTRACT
Background: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak negatively impacted on the mental wellbeing of infertile couples, because of the World Health Organization's recommendation to stop all fertility treatments. This study aims to investigate the level of depression and hopelessness during the COVID-19 outbreak, in women with primary and secondary infertility. Methods: A 16-item online questionnaire was applied to a total of 220 women with primary and secondary infertility in June 2020. Participants' knowledge and concerns about COVID-19 pandemic stop of treatments and follow-up preferences were evaluated. In addition, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) were adapted to Turkish and applied to each participant. Total scores of inventories between women were calculated. The correlation between depression and hopelessness levels of the groups was evaluated. Results: The BDI and BHS mean scores of 220 infertile women who completed our questionnaire were 14.63 ± 9.123 and 5.43 ± 5.026 and Cronbach'sa-values were 0.853 and 0.904, respectively. It was found that 142 women with secondary infertility had higher mean depression and hopelessness scores (15.92±9.758, 11.81±6.501;P = 0.001) VS 78 women with primary infertility (6.51±5.262, 3.78±3.670;P = 0.000). A strong positive correlation was detected between depression and hopelessness levels for each group (r = 0.625, P = 0.000 and r = 0.740, P = 0.000). Conclusions: Total depression and hopelessness scores of both groups were in a strong positive correlation with primary and secondary infertility during the COVID-19 outbreak. Particularly, women with secondary infertility had mild depression and low levels of hopelessness. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.